.. _lmfit: https://github.com/lmfit/lmfit-py .. _xraylarch: https://github.com/xraypy/xraylarch ######################## Motivation for asteval ######################## The asteval module allows you to evaluate a large subset of the Python language from within a python program, without using :py:func:`eval`. It is, in effect, a restricted version of Python's built-in :py:func:`eval`, forbidding several actions, and using (by default) a simple dictionary as a flat namespace. A completely fair question is: Why is this desirable? That is, why not simply use :py:func:`eval`, or just use Python itself? The short answer is that sometimes you want to allow evaluation of user input, or expose a simple or even scientific calculator inside a larger application. For this, :py:func:`eval` is pretty scary, as it exposes *all* of Python, which makes user input difficult to trust. Since asteval does not support the **import** statement (unless explicitly enabled) or many other constructs, user code cannot access the :py:mod:`os` and :py:mod:`sys` modules or any functions or classes outside those provided in the symbol table. Many of the other missing features (modules, classes, lambda, yield, generators) are similarly motivated by a desire for a safer version of :py:func:`eval`. The idea for asteval is to make a simple procedural, mathematically-oriented language that can be embedded into larger applications. In fact, the asteval module grew out the the need for a simple expression evaluator for scientific applications such as the `lmfit`_ and `xraylarch`_ modules. An early attempt using the `pyparsing` module worked but was error-prone and difficult to maintain. While the simplest of calculators or expressiona-evaluators is not hard with pyparsing, it turned out that using the Python :py:mod:`ast` module makes it much easier to implement a feature-rich scientific calculator, including slicing, complex numbers, keyword arguments to functions, etc. In fact, this approach meant that adding more complex programming constructs like conditionals, loops, exception handling, and even user-defined functions was fairly simple. An important benefit of using the :py:mod:`ast` module is that whole categories of implementation errors involving parsing, lexing, and defining a grammar disappear. Any valid python expression will be parsed correctly and converted into an Abstract Syntax Tree. Furthermore, the resulting AST is easy to walk through, greatly simplifying the evaluation process. What started as a desire for a simple expression evaluator grew into a quite useable procedural domain-specific language for mathematical applications. Asteval makes no claims about speed. Evaluating the AST involves many function calls, which is going to be slower than Python - often 4x slower than Python. That said, for certain use cases (see https://stackoverflow.com/questions/34106484), use of asteval and numpy can approach the speed of `eval` and the `numexpr` modules. How Safe is asteval? ======================= Asteval avoids all of the exploits we know about that make :py:func:`eval` dangerous. For reference, see, `Eval is really dangerous `_ and the comments and links therein. From this discussion it is apparent that not only is :py:func:`eval` unsafe, but that it is a difficult prospect to make any program that takes user input perfectly safe. In particular, if a user can cause Python to crash with a segmentation fault, safety cannot be guaranteed. Asteval explicitly forbids the exploits described in the above link, and works hard to prevent malicious code from crashing Python or accessing the underlying operating system. That said, we cannot guarantee that asteval is completely safe from malicious code. We claim only that it is safer than the builtin :py:func:`eval`, and that you might find it useful. Some of the things not allowed in the asteval interpreter for safety reasons include: * importing modules. Neither ``import`` nor ``__import__`` are supported by default. If you do want to support ``import`` and ``import from``, you have to explicitly enable these. * create classes or modules. * access to Python's :py:func:`eval`, :py:func:`getattr`, :py:func:`hasattr`, :py:func:`setattr`, and :py:func:`delattr`. * accessing object attributes that begin and end with ``__``, the so-called ``dunder`` attributes. This will include (but is not limited to ``__globals__``, ``__code__``, ``__func__``, ``__self__``, ``__module__``, ``__dict__``, ``__class__``, ``__call__``, and ``__getattribute__``. None of these can be accessed for any object. In addition (and following the discussion in the link above), the following attributes are blacklisted for all objects, and cannot be accessed: ``func_globals``, ``func_code``, ``func_closure``, ``im_class``, ``im_func``, ``im_self``, ``gi_code``, ``gi_frame``, ``f_locals`` While this approach of making a blacklist cannot be guaranteed to be complete, it does eliminate entire classes of attacks known to be able to seg-fault the Python interpreter. An important caveat is that asteval will typically expose numpy ``ufuncs`` from the numpy module. Several of these can seg-fault Python without too much trouble. If you are paranoid about safe user input that can never cause a segmentation fault, you may want to consider disabling the use of numpy, or take extra care to specify what can be used. There are important categories of safety that asteval does not even attempt to address. The most important of these is resource hogging, which might be used for a denial-of-service attack. There is no guaranteed timeout on any calculation, and so a reasonable looking calculation such as:: from asteval import Interpreter aeval = Interpreter() txt = """nmax = 1e8 a = sqrt(arange(nmax)) """ aeval.eval(txt) can take a noticeable amount of CPU time - if it does not, changing ``1e8`` to ``9e13`` almost certainly will. As another example, consider the expression ``x**y**z``. For values ``x=y=z=5``, the run time will be well under 0.001 seconds. For ``x=y=z=8``, run time will still be under 1 sec. Changing to ``x=8, y=9, z=9``, will cause the statement to take several seconds. With ``x=y=z=9``, executing that statement may take more than 1 hour on some machines. It is not hard to come up with short program that would run for hundreds of years, which probably exceeds anyones threshold for an acceptable run-time. There simply is not a good way to predict how long any code will take to run from the text of the code itself: run time cannot be determined lexically. To be clear, for this exponentiation example, asteval will raise a runtime error, telling you that an exponent > 10,000 is not allowed. But that happens at runtime, after the value of the exponent has been evaluated, it does not happen by looking at the text of the code. And, there is no limit on the size of arrays that can be created because a check would have to done at runtime. There are countless other "clever ways" to have very long run times that cannot be readily predicted from the text. The exponential example also demonstrates there is not a good way to check for a long-running calculation within a single Python process. That calculation is not stuck within the Python interpreter, but in C code (no doubt the ``pow()`` function) called by the Python interpreter itself. That call will not return from the C library to the Python interpreter or allow other threads to run until that call is done. That means that from within a single process, there would not be a reliable way to tell asteval (or really, even Python) when a calculation has taken too long: Denial of Service is hard to detect before it happens, and even challenging to detect while it is happening. The only reliable way to li`mit run time is at the level of the operating system, with a second process watching the execution time of the asteval process and either try to interrupt it or kill it. For a limited range of problems, you can try to avoid asteval taking too long. For example, you may try to limit the *recursion limit* when executing expressions, with a code like this:: import contextlib @contextlib.contextmanager def limited_recursion(recursion_limit): old_limit = sys.getrecursionlimit() sys.setrecursionlimit(recursion_limit) try: yield finally: sys.setrecursionlimit(old_limit) with limited_recursion(100): Interpreter().eval(...) A secondary security concern is that the default list of supported functions does include Python's ``open()`` which will allow disk access to the untrusted user. If ``numpy`` is supported, its ``load()`` and ``loadtxt()`` functions will also normally be supported. Including these functions does not elevate permissions, but it does allow the user of the asteval interpreter to read files with the privileges of the calling program. In some cases, this may not be desirable, and you may want to remove some of these functions from the symbol table, re-implement them, or ensure that your program cannot access information on disk that should be kept private. In summary, while asteval attempts to be safe and is definitely safer than using :py:func:`eval`, there may be ways that using asteval could lead to increased risk of malicious use. Recommendations for how to improve this situation would be greatly appreciated.